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to hale,?grief can throw the body off course, upsetting the gastrointestinal tract. for starters, stress can activate the sympathetic nervous system, more commonly known as the fight-or-flight response. in this survival state, “heart rate and blood pressure rise, as do levels of the hormone cortisol,” hale adds. and when the body is warding off danger, it’s not focused on digestion or eating.? and research has found that dietary changes can shift the microbiome in a matter of days.
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根据黑尔的说法，哀痛会致使身体违背正本的状况，打乱肠胃体系。首要，压力可以激活交感神经体系，更常见的说法是“战争或出逃”反应。在这种应激状况下，“心率和血压升高，荷尔蒙皮质醇水平也升高，”黑尔弥补道。当身体处在抵挡风险的方法时，就不会专心于消化或进食。研讨发现，饮食发生改动可以在几天内改动微生物群。
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while it’s well known that heartache can make the belly ache, research examining the connection between bereavement stress and gut health is limited. however, one 2021 paper published in the journal?frontiers in psychiatry?suggests that “gut microbiota may play a role in influencing health outcomes following bereavement” because chronic and ongoing stress can disrupt the microbiome.
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尽管众所周知的是，心痛会致使肚子疼，但关于丧亲压力和肠道安康之间联络的研讨数量有限。可是，2021年宣告在《精力病学前沿》杂志上的一篇论文标明，“我们丧亲之后，肠道微生物群可以在影响安康情况方面发扬作用”，因为长时刻且持续不断的压力会打乱微生物群。
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barely a decade ago, the brain was thought to be completely isolated from the rest of the body. so for alvi?a, “the biggest mindset change” was the realization that the brain not only instructs the body to move and breathe, but that signals from the gut as well as other organs and tissues can also alter how the brain functions.?how the mechanism behind this bidirectional communication works is an open question, but several possible explanations have emerged.?
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就在十年前，我们还认为大脑与身体的其他有些是彼此独立的。因而，关于阿夫纳来说，“最大的思路改变”是知道到大脑不只控制身体的行为和呼吸，而且来自肠道以及其他器官和组织的信号也可以改动大脑的运作方法。这种双向交流不和的机制是如何作业的还有待谈论，但现已呈现了几种可以的说明。
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more directly, gut bacteria produce molecules such as dopamine and serotonin, which play vital roles in neural signaling. low levels of these neurotransmitters can cause depression and neurological diseases like parkinson’s.
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更直接地说，肠道细菌发生多巴胺和血清素等分子，这些分子在神经信号传递中发扬着至关重要的作用。这些神经递质处于低水平会致使抑郁症和帕金森症等神经体系疾病。
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these neurotransmitters might interact with the nerve endings of the vagus nerve—which is responsible for involuntary movements such as breathing and digestion, and connects the brain to most of the body’s organs, including the gut. experiments on mice bolster this view. for animals where the vagus nerve was cut, microbiome-mediated effects on their behavior disappeared.
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这些神经递质可以会与迷分神经的神经末梢彼此作用（迷分神经担任如呼吸和消化等非自立活动），并树立起大脑与大都身体器官（包括肠道）之间的联络。在老鼠身前进行的实验也撑持了这一观念。关于迷分神经被堵截的动物，微生物群对其行为的影响不见了。
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这篇文章节选自：time（年代周刊）
发布时刻：2022.07.02
作者：connie chang and juli fraga
原文标题：how grief upsets your gut health
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◆词汇堆集
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1.gastrointestinal
/?ɡ?str???n?t?st?n?l/?
adj.胃肠的
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2.bereavement
/b??ri?vm?nt/
n.丧友，丧亲；损失
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3.gut
/ɡ?t/
n. 肠，肠道; 勇气；(尤指大的)胃，肚子; 天性; 中心，本质
v. 取出……的内脏(以便烹饪); 损坏(建筑物)的内部
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4.vagus
/?veɡ?s/
n.迷分神经
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5. bolster
/?b??lst?/?
v. 增强，鼓励; 安靖(方位)，加强; 改进，改进
n. 长枕，垫枕; 承梁(用于支撑或削减冲突); 托木
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◆词组分配
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1.throw off course 脱离轨迹
2.ward off 避开；挡住
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◆写作句总结
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barely a decade ago, the brain was thought to be completely isolated from the rest of the body.
规划: barely … ago, … was thought to be completely isolated from the rest of ….
…前，…被认为与其它…彼此独立
例句: barely ?several centuries ago, the americas was thought to be completely isolated from the rest of earth.????